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p. 12 Cellular IoMT technologies allow you to connect devices, such as sensors, to the internet via the same mobile networks used by smartphones. Your smartphone uses larger amounts of bandwidth for voice and data. IoT applications usually require a lot less. Cat 1 and Cat M1 modems allow a lot more IoT traffic to fit in the same LTE network bandwidth. LTE Cat 1 uses less network bandwidth than traditional LTE modems, and Cat M1 uses significantly less. Cat 1 supports higher bandwidth (10 Mbps) at a higher power consumption than Cat M1. With a focus on battery powered devices, the two cellular IoMT technologies we discuss here are LTE Cat-M1 and NB-IoT. LTE Cat-M1, or Long-Term Evolution (4G) Cat-M1, is a low-power, wide- area protocol that allows IoMT devices to connect directly to a 4G network without a gateway. With LTE CAT-M1, you have low bandwidth at a lower cost, long battery life, and with lower complexity. LTE Cat-M1 is designed for devices that are moving or that require near real-time speeds. NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) is a cellular- grade wireless technology that is intended for extremely-low data rate devices that must connect to a mobile network. NB-IoT sends and receives small amounts of data. Like LoRaWAN, LTE Cat-M1 versus NB-IoT – A Look at Cellular IoMT Technologies it is message-based but it has a faster modulation rate and can handle much more data and has better in-building penetration. With NB-IoT, you have very low bandwidth with very low power and no roaming capabilities. NB- IoT is perfect for stationary devices and device that only send updates every couple of minutes. Wireless Gateways for Medical Applications So far, we have reviewed a number of connectivity technologies with a focus on connecting individual devices. Within the IoMT, we are also • Low bandwidth • Lower cost • Lower complexity • Supports both fixed and mobile applications • Service providers – AT&T and Verizon • Very low bandwidth • Very low power • Better in-building penetration • No roaming capabilities* • More appropriate for simpler, stationary applications • Service provider – T-Mobile, AT&T, Verizon (U.S.); Vodafone (Europe and China) LTE Cat-M1 and NB-IoT Summary Comparison LTE Cat-M1 LTE Cat-M1 seeing growth in adoption of gateway technology. A gateways is a physical device or software program that serves as a connection point between the cloud server/application and devices and/or sensors. All data moving to the cloud, or vice versa, goes through the gateway, which can be either a dedicated hardware appliance or software program. Smart devices along with environmental, pressure, positioning sensors can generate thousands of data points per second. A gateway provides a device to collect and pre-process or package the data locally before sending it on to the cloud. In this way, the end user can minimize the volume of data needed to be sent and can manage a secure connection through the Internet and into the target cloud provider. Because the gateway manages information moving in both directions, it can protect data from leaks and IoT devices from being compromised by malicious outside attacks. A gateway can support multiple connection technologies such as Wi-Fi, BLE, LORA, Ethernet, and serial port connections. These technologies can be used as ingress to the gateway in collecting data from the local devices. A gateways is a physical device or software program that serves as a connection point between the cloud server/application and devices and/or sensors. All data moving to the cloud, or vice versa, goes through the gateway, which can be either a dedicated hardware appliance or software program.

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