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19 | to communicate reliably with cloud- based services. Increased capacity from 5G small cells technology can support IoT devices and machine- to-machine (M2M) connectivity at a massive scale. Compared with 4G LTE, 5G offers 1,000 times more bandwidth per unit area, 10,000 times more traffic, and 100 times more connected devices per unit area. Real-Time Performance As the IoT hits industrial scale, connectivity must support applications such as remote control of machines, drones and robotics applications, time-sensitive industrial control loops, driverless car navigation, remote surgery, and more. For these mission-critical applications, high bit rates are not enough. To achieve real-time performance, latencies must also be very low. 5G standards extend broadband wireless services beyond mobile Internet capacity to IoT applications that require ultra-reliable, fast, and mission-critical communications. Energy Efficiencies Whereas 4G is primarily a mobility solution, 5G (in addition to enhancing mobility) caters to fixed wireless and industrial IoT applications where devices operate in rugged environments, have a limited power supply, and run for decades. That's why 5G is designed for up to a 90 percent reduction in power usage compared with 4G and up to 10 years of battery life for IoT devices. Security and Reliability Relatively speaking, communication over wireless connectivity is easier to intercept and more susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks. In IoT use cases, low-power wireless connectivity is prone to bit rate errors and connection drops. The robust design of 5G is expected to offer 99.999 percent availability and include mutual authentication, local secure elements, Transport Layer Security (TLS) encryption, and over- the-air (OTA) firmware updates for 5G electronics. Much like virtual machines on virtualized hardware platforms, 5G network resources can be segmented into "network slices." 5G network slicing enables service providers to build virtual, application- specific, end-to-end networks that offer additional security. Mapping 5G Networks in the Connectivity Landscape Excitement about the 5G rollout does not necessarily translate to deprecating (or sunsetting) existing technologies. In fact, ongoing innovations in time-sensitive networks (next-generation of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers [IEEE] 802.1 Ethernet); low-power, wide-area networks (LPWANs); Wi-Fi; and long range (LoRa®) technologies are gaining traction as well. Even after 5G standards are rolled out at mass scale, 5G technology will coexist with other technologies for the foreseeable future. In many scenarios, 5G technology will complement those technologies. Fiber Optics and Fixed Broadband The study "Communications infrastructure upgrade: The need for deep fiber," published in 2017 by Deloitte, shows that only 11 percent of Internet traffic is carried over wireless connections, while 90 percent of the traffic traverses wired networks. Fiber-optic networks offer high throughput and bandwidth with low latencies over long distances. In terms of bandwidth and speed,