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| 28 resource and determines the rank and codebook index of the uplink transmission. For the non-codebook-based uplink MIMO, the UE transmits multiple antenna-precoded SRS resources according to the downlink CSI-RS channel measurements. The base station measures the channel on the SRS resources. Uplink precoding of data at the UE follows the precoding of the SRS resources, which the base station indicates. Beamforming in 5G NR Beam management defines a set of procedures that enable transmission and reception of beams in a certain direction within a cell, with narrower angular coverage than cell-wide transmission and reception. One key distinguishing feature of NR is its ability to support beam- based operations. Channels and signals that the base station and UE transmit and receive are beamformed to focus the transmitted energy in a certain direction and thus improve antenna gain. This capability is extremely beneficial for mmWaves, which suffer high propagation losses. It's also a useful capability for sub-6GHz transmissions. Beam management involves the following elements: • Beam determination. Multiple beams cover a cell. Each beam is determined by a source RS and its index. These beams help the base station and UE properly set their transmit and receive beams for the subsequent transmission of downlink and uplink channels and signals. • Beam measurement and beam reporting. The UE measures the signal quality of each beam and reports each measurement to the network. A measurement can be reported explicitly (e.g., as an RS receives power using the CSI framework) or implicitly (e.g., by transmitting on a resource associated with a beam that meets a signal quality criterion). The network uses this information when determining the beams to use and configure when communicating with the UE. • Beam sweeping and beam refinement. This functionality allows for the refining of beams (i.e., using narrower beams) and the tracking of beams (i.e., as the UE moves around or changes orientation). • Beam association for downlink and uplink channels and signals. This framework associates the RS of downlink and uplink channels with a beam's source RS. The association is based on Quasi Co-Location (QCL) and the Spatial Rx parameters (known as QCL Type D). • Beam failure recovery. This feature allows for a rapid realignment of the base station and UE beams when a beam is lost, such as during a sudden blockage or upon a fast rotation or movement of the UE. Coming Soon: Release 16 Release 15 is just the first step toward realizing the 5G vision. 3GPP is working at full speed toward completion of the second phase of 5G NR, known as Release 16. The organization is targeting the completion of Release 16 in two stages: Stage 1: Late 2019 for the physical layer aspects Stage 2: Early 2020 for the higher layer aspects Release 16 introduces new capabilities to address the needs of vertical markets, thereby improving the operational efficiency of the Radio Access Network and further enhancing capacity and spectrum efficiency. 38 Series 3GPP introduced a new series of specifications for NR— the 38 series. Each 3GPP Radio Access Network (RAN) Working Group (WG) handles a different set of these specifications. Release 15 specifications have a version number V(15.x.y), where a larger x and y value indicate a more recent specification. The full list of the 3GPP specifications can be found on the 3GPP website: • For RAN WG1, which deals with Radio Layer 1, the full list of specifications can be found here: http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/TSG-WG--r1. htm. • For RAN WG2, which deals with Radio Layers 2 and 3, the full list of specifications can be found here: http://www.3gpp.org/DynaReport/TSG- WG--r2.htm. • For RAN WG3, which deals with radio network architecture and interfaces, the full list of specifications can be found here: http://www.3gpp. org/DynaReport/TSG-WG--r3.htm. • For RAN WG4, which deals with radio performance aspects, the full list of specifications can be found here: http://www.3gpp.org/ DynaReport/TSG-WG--r4.htm.

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