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| 4 spectrum allocations as well as handoff processes between regions. Important aspects in rolling out these processes include early deployments, trials, and pilot programs. Many regions in the world, including the United States and the European Union (EU), are actively engaged in 5G Phase 1 deployments of eMBB networks. Similarly, many industry- and infrastructure- specific trial programs are taking place. For example, there were 63 5G trials in 38 cities at the end of 2018 in the EU, and the number is rapidly growing. These pilots cover various programs involving health and public safety, automotive communications, energy, smart cities, industrial operations, and more. There are also eight corridors alongside highways in Europe that are testing connectivity. 2019 is the year in which 5G Phase 1 deployments of eMBB have begun. Although Phase 1 is a major step, it is important not to stop there, because the real transformations will come with 5G Phase 2, which will be complete by the end of March 2020 and include successive releases of 3GPP specifications along with the buildout of the 5G ecosystem. Continuous piloting along with commercial validation over the next several years will result in full commercial deployments capable of delivering industry-changing and disruptive 5G services. Jean-Pierre Bienaimé is the Chairman of the Economic and Social Research Institute on Telecommunica- tions (IREST), a think tank of influence based in Paris. He has been Secretary General of the 5G Infrastructure Association (5G-IA) since 2016, representing the digital and telecommunications industry (including operators, manufacturers, research and academic institutes, verticals, and subject matter experts) in the 5G Infrastructure Public Private Partnership (5G PPP) along with the European Commission. He has also been Chairman of the 5G PPP Steering Board. Jean-Pierre was Chairman of the mobile industry association for The UMTS Forum from 2003 until 2016, with a mission to promote a common vision of the development of 3G UMTS, 4G LTE, and the corresponding evolutions to ensure their worldwide commercial success. Joining France Telecom (FT) in 1979, Bienaimé has held responsibilities as the Director of the Planning Department at FT, Advisor to the Director General of Moroccan Telecommunications in Rabat, Director of Marketing and Product Development for International Networks and Services at FT, Chief Executive Officer of Nexus International, and Vice-President of Group Mobile Support at Orange. From 2010 until 2016, Jean-Pierre also served as Senior Vice-President at Orange Wholesale. Jean-Pierre graduated from the ESSEC Business School with a master in management, from Sciences-Po (Paris), from Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Postes and Télécommunications (Paris), and from INSEAD with an Executive MBA.

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