Issue link: https://resources.mouser.com/i/1510154
12 EV and Connected Transportation The ISO layers encapsulate auto-negotiation, reconciliation, and link control in the lower layers of the ISO model. Higher layers for transport, session, presentation, and application are used to unburden the individual processors from these mundane but essential tasks (Figure 3). These days, drivers and automakers alike seem to focus more on safety than entertainment when it comes to cars. Driver-assist technologies aim to reduce crashes and make cars and pedestrians safer. These include forward collision warning and automatic braking, lane departure warnings, rear cross-traffic detection, blind spot monitoring, adaptive cruise control, automatic high beam control, backup camera, crash detection and notification, lane centering, and, eventually, fully autonomous driving (Figure 4). Not all these features will be data-intensive over the network. For example, a simple proximity detector can be a digital signal that indicates a nearby object, or it can be an analog time-varying signal that indicates both the proximity and speed of an approaching object. Importance of Network Bandwidth Modern automobiles' detection, recognition, prioritization, and action rely on the vehicles' networks, which transport data to the appropriate computers. Programming detects and alerts the Figure 3: Auto-negotiation, physical coding, and reconciliation are just a few of the functions handled by the lower layers of the ISO-modeled network topology of 10BASE-T1S. (Source: Teledyne LeCroy; Recreated by Mouser Electronics) Figure 4: Modern vehicles detect a circumference zone of potential objects and hazards that the automotive sensors must detect, discern, and share over the network. (Source: fotohansel/stock.adobe.com) computer to determine what actions to take. For example, does the data require only a notification, or should the system immediately engage the brakes? Because such data could be lifesaving, vehicles' high- speed networks must be robust. One way to ensure this robustness is to eliminate unnecessary wiring and interconnections. A backup camera, for example, could use twisted pair, coax, or shielded bundled cables to wire from the rear to the front-end audio video system; or it could simply connect to the car's network at the rear and transfer that data digitally. The network must be fast enough to handle the high-resolution real-time video, simultaneously monitoring the surroundings and controlling the engine and safety features.