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32 EV and Connected Transportation Figure 5: Architecture of a typical PHEV. (Source: TE Connectivity) Figure 6: Architecture of a typical BEV. (Source: TE Connectivity) Figure 7: Architecture of a typical hydrogen FCEV. (Source: TE Connectivity) Plug-in hybrids Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are similar to battery electric vehicles, typically with a smaller battery, but also have a conventional gasoline or diesel engine (Figure 5). Although not as clean as battery electric or fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrids produce significantly less pollution than their conventional counterparts. Series PHEVs are typically referred to as range extenders, with the ICE's primary purpose being to charge the battery on the go. Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) BEVs use stored energy in a battery to drive electric motors (Figure 6). The operating voltage can be as low as 48V and as high as 850V, depending on the application. This offers them increased efficiency and, like fuel cell vehicles, allows them to drive emissions-free when the electricity comes from renewable sources. BEVs use existing infrastructure to recharge and are increasing the demand on the energy grid. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) The source of power in an FCEV is an onboard fuel cell that generates electricity from hydrogen, either to charge a battery or to drive the electric motors. FCEVs require a hydrogen fueling infrastructure (Figure 7), which is not always emissions-free and not broadly available today.