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8 EV and Connected Transportation M odern automobiles are much more complex than they used to be, even more advanced than just a few years ago. The use of multiple microprocessors and microcontrollers in every system is coupled with advanced "drive-by-wire" automotive networking (both wired and wireless). The automotive industry has come a long way since early attempts at engine computerization. Overall, the fault detection and tolerance engineered into modern vehicles' software have dramatically improved. But a higher volume of sensors has uncovered the need for faster, higher-bandwidth automotive networking. Now, higher-bandwidth automotive networks are improving performance and efficiency. Properly functioning automobiles with modern, high-bandwidth computer networks can achieve higher efficiencies than older electromechanical solutions while also providing comfort, luxury, entertainment, and safety features. Automotive technology has adopted Ethernet-based communication, specifically single- pair Ethernet (SPE), as the standard in modern vehicles. The 10BASE-T1S standard, providing efficient data transmission and reducing wiring, is the new accepted norm. Automotive networking is still evolving. Older UART- framed, serial CAN-style car networks have given way to Ethernet networks allowing for increased capabilities and features. The availability of scalable multicore processor architectures targeted to automotive needs also boosts the sophistication of modern automobiles, veering towards the eventual migration to self-driving vehicles. However, despite its evolution, automotive communications technology is at the center of modern controversy and legislation. Security, hackability, and the right to repair are at stake. We are now at the cusp of taking automotive networking to a new level. A History of Ethernet-Based Communication in Cars In-vehicle networks (IVNs) have been in existence since engineers at Robert Bosch GmbH introduced The New Automotive Communication Standard Single-Pair Ethernet: The New Standard in Modern Vehicles Jon Gabay for Mouser Electronics