Issue link: https://resources.mouser.com/i/1510154
10 EV and Connected Transportation physical layer. Automotive Ethernet went right to single-pair Ethernet (SPE), where the same twisted pair is used to simultaneously transmit and receive. This makes automotive PCBs more straightforward to lay out and reduces the wire count to create a more reliable network with fewer possible points of failure. Present SPE achieves 1Gbps data rates with distances up to 1km. Power delivery capabilities of up to 50W allow enough current for small- to medium- sized actuator solenoids and motors. And SPE's IEC 63171-6 standardized connector form factor simplifies automotive and diagnostic connectivity with rugged and flexible networking. Due to the high-speed features of automotive Ethernet, it is the clear choice for inter- and intra- communications of the smart car. Automotive Ethernet easily surpasses the capabilities of older CAN, Fieldbus, FlexRay, MOST, and LIN protocols (Table 1). Parameter Automotive Ethernet Other Protocols Number of ECUs in network 256–unlimited, bandwidth can be added CAN: 16 FlexRay: 4/x, limited by bandwidth Different speed grades supported in the same network Various (different PHYs but same protocol stack) One (changeover to new IVN if data rate no longer sufficient) Bandwidth efficiency 50–90% 20–55% Topologies Extremely flexible Limited Priority and timing schemes AVB-TSN (various) Message or ID/timeslot based (one) Addressing MAC and IP None Security State of the art Limited Domain separation Physical or virtual Physical Extendibility Switchport, no changes to existing nodes CAN: no changes to existing nodes, FlexRay: might need active star port + timing Service orientation Possible Not really possible Table 1: The sheer number of connected sensors, controllers, and systems modern cars offer makes it a necessity to use Ethernet as the automotive network. (Source: Kirsten Matheus. "Evolution of Ethernet-Based Automotive Networks: Faster and Cheaper." Conference presentation at 2018 IEEE SA Ethernet & IP @ Automotive Technology Day, London, October 9, 2018. Recreated by Mouser Electronics)