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Wired communications testing, on the other hand, refers to technologies such as fiberoptic interconnects and electrical board-to-board and chip-to- chip connectivity. An example may be testing to assess the performance and reliability of fiber-optic cables and systems used in data centers and high-speed networks. As servers and data centers are continually tasked with more intense computations, large quantities of data travel between hardware components at exponentially increasing data rates. Testing in such a scenario requires instruments like bit-error-rate testers, pattern generators, protocol analyzers, and wideband oscilloscopes. With the advent of electric vehicles and autonomous driving, automotive testing has become another major constituent of electronic test and measurement. Modern vehicles have seen a significant proliferation of electrical components, including sensors, processors, and power electronics. Proper testing and measurement of these systems are necessary for achieving the greatest range, longevity, and safety. In an electric vehicle drivetrain, for example, the main subsystems are the battery, inverter, and traction motor, each of which is an extremely critical and high-power system. These high-voltage, high-current systems are further controlled by isolated low-voltage electronics like microcontrollers and sensors. The performance of these subsystems greatly influences vehicle range, reliability, and cost, which in turn influences consumer buying decisions. Hence, rigorous system testing is necessary from performance and economic points of view. Testing is also particularly important in automotive applications because passenger safety is on the line. Component failures could be catastrophic, resulting in life-or-death situations. Thus, the automotive industry has extremely stringent testing requirements, necessitating meticulous testing in each phase of the vehicle's life—from research C h a p t e r 1 | E l e c t r o n i c T e s t a n d M e a s u r e m e n t Key challenges in the development of industrial equipment such as telecommunications and automobiles include ensuring compatibility with complex systems, compliance with the latest version, and immunity to noise and distortion." Pranay Kinra Lead Project Engineer, Rohde & Schwarz 8 8 Industry Experts Discuss the Role of Instrumentation in Modern Technology