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| 12 many applications, including electric vehicles and robotics. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors The rotor of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) uses magnets to create field poles that generate the required magnetic field. The magnets are either embedded in the rotor or fixed on top. Fixing the magnets to the rotor surface means the design is weaker mechanically, limiting the motor's speed. Surface magnets also mean that the design has a low magnetic saliency and will rely almost completely on magnetic torque. In contrast, the embedded magnet design can use magnetic and reluctance torque components. Rotor designs can be either normal or salient. The normal design is used for high-speed applications, and the salient pole design is used for lower-speed operations. Field-orientated control is used to control the speed of the motor. PMSMs feature smooth torque over the whole speed range, quick acceleration and deceleration, and low noise, making them ideal for applications like robotics. Hybrid Designs Other types of AC motors include designs that take advantage of the best features of two different types of motors. For example, the permanent magnet synchronous reluctance motor combines the high efficiency and flexible control of a synchronous reluctance motor with the high torque density of a permanent magnet motor. Another example of this type of hybrid design is the line start permanent magnet motor, an AC induction motor with a squirrel-cage rotor with attached permanent magnets. DC Motors DC motors provide high torque when starting, are easy to control, and have less complex rectification. There are two main types of DC motors: brushed and brushless. Brushed DC The brushed DC motor typically has a permanent magnet stator that supplies a fixed magnetic field. The rotor is constructed from electromagnetic poles, which are energized by brushes that must have contact with the rotor. The interaction of the magnetic fields causes the electromagnets on the rotor to move toward their opposing pole. That rotation is maintained by the commutator constantly switching the polarity of the electromagnets. Although this design has been in use for over a hundred years, advances in component and material technology have kept brushed motors a viable solution for low-end, cost-effective applications. The design has limitations, but modern MOSFET and IGBT switches can increase its performance to an acceptable level. Additionally, DC motors require little or no control components and only two wires to operate. NCD83591 Motor Drivers mouser.com/onsemi-ncd83591-drivers