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Ultimately, the choice of communication protocol depends on data bandwidth, reliability, and response time requirements. Ethernet and a controller area network (CAN) are widely used in AMRs because they offer high reliability, noise immunity and real-time communication. A CAN bus is particularly effective for optimizing cost and size in time-sensitive communication with low data rates, such as transmitting control signals between motor drivers and the robot controller. Ethernet is often used for higher-bandwidth applications, such as transmitting camera and LiDAR data to the perception systems; however, due to higher communication payload of the motor controller and sensors, Ethernet is speading throughout the different sub-systems. Newer industrial designs are shifting toward single-pair Ethernet, which reduces cabling complexity while supporting higher data rates and power delivery over the same connection. The robustness of wired communication becomes especially important when AMRs operate in environments with high electromagnetic interference (EMI/ EMC). Factories with high-power inverters and industrial machinery generate EMI/ EMC, which can disrupt communication signals. To counteract EMI, AMRs must use shielded cables, differential signaling, and error correction protocols to maintain communication reliability in noisy environments. Wireless communication is necessary for coordinating AMRs with external systems. AMRs continuously transmit diagnostic data, position updates, and task progress reports to centralized fleet management platforms where routes and schedules are optimized. In this context, wireless protocols such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and industrial 5G enable AMRs to operate flexibly within smart factories. C h a p t e r 3 | C o n n e c t i v i t y a n d S a f e t y Wireless communication allows AMRs to connect with the fleet manager software for coordination, while wired communication links the fleet manager to specific devices like doors, conveyors, and fire alarms." Melik Ben Marzouk System Engineer, Balyo 20 13 Experts Discuss Autonomous Mobile Robots