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| 20 Polarization and Its Impact on Performance Polarization describes the orientation of the electric field portion of the antenna plane wave with respect to the surface of the earth. An antenna can be either linearly or circularly polarized. Linear polarization is either vertical or horizontal, and circular polarization is either left-hand or right-hand. More accurately, all polarizations are elliptical, with linear polarization collapsing the electric field oscillating pattern of the ellipse into a line and circular polarization presenting a perfect rotation around the direction of propagation. There is a substantial reduction in antenna coupling efficiency when the antenna polarization and electromagnetic wave polarization are misaligned. Radiation Pattern, Directivity, Gain, and Beamwidth An antenna's radiation pattern (also known as antenna pattern) is the three-dimensional distribution of the electromagnetic radiation from the antenna. By design, most antennas have primarily lobe patterns, with undesirable sidelobes reducing the antenna's directivity and gain. An antenna's directivity is a measure of how concentrated the antenna radiation pattern is compared to a perfectly isotropic spherical antenna pattern. This concept directly relates to antenna gain, as the gain of an antenna is the ratio of energy of an actual antenna's radiation pattern compared to that of a perfectly spherical (ideal) isotropic antenna. The following equation expresses antenna gain (G), where D is the directivity of the antenna, and ε R is the radiation efficiency, which accounts for losses due to resistance, mismatches, and material imperfections: ε Antennas don't provide additional energy to a signal, as amplifier gain does, which is why antenna gain is a comparative measure that relates to directivity; the antenna radiation must be concentrated to realize gain in relation to an antenna with a conformal energy output in a spherical pattern. An antenna's beamwidth is the angular width measurement across the axis of the main lobe of a directional antenna, typically given in degrees or radians. Effective Area and Antenna Efficiency An antenna's effective area (or effective aperture) is a measure of the captured power flux density of a passing electromagnetic wave by an antenna. In other words, it is a ratio of the total available power of a wave (incident co- polarized power density) that an antenna can capture and deliver GNSS L1 Passive Ceramic Patch & Chip Antennas mouser.com/te-linx-gnss-l1-patch-chip-antennas