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10 Motor controllers and drivers are essential components in BLDC design: • Controllers receive rotor position data and control motor functions, including speed, torque, rotation direction, start, and stop. • Drivers provide power to the motor for each functional requirement. BLDC Controllers BLDC motor controllers are categorized according to whether they use a sensor to detect rotor position. Among the sensor approaches, the most common method is to use three solid-state Hall-effect sensors attached to the rotor or stator. When these sensors come into contact with the permanent magnets' magnetic field, they generate a digital pulse of 1s and 0s that can be used to calculate the rotor position. You can use other sensors for this approach as well, such as rotary encoders, resolvers, and optical sensors. If you choose not to use a sensor, you can, for example, use the motor's back electromagnetic field (BEMF) to determine rotor position relative to the stator. BEMF is the voltage created in the coil windings: the closer the rotor's magnet, the higher the BEMF. Note, however, that this approach requires that the motor be moving, so you may need to use other techniques as well, such as injection of a high-frequency stator voltage into the coil windings to provide a known starting voltage. This voltage can then be used to estimate rotor position accurately. BLDC motor controllers consist of an analog front end and a digital back end. The analog front end includes analog signal conditioning circuitry that uses amplifiers, filters, and application-specific integrated circuits (ICs) that interface with the controller's digital back Motor Controllers and Drivers Chapter Two Chapter Two: Motor Controllers and Drivers "Rotor position information is essential for proper operation of a BLDC motor. This information can be obtained using a position encoder (typically Hall sensor- based) or a sensorless technique using speed and position estimators." Anton Dianov Senior Firmware Engineer, Samsung Electronics