Issue link: https://resources.mouser.com/i/1510154
mouser.com/te 9 The high bandwidth of Ethernet coupled with the layered networking structure allowed automotive Ethernet to use strict layer separation tactics characterized in its protocol stack (Figure 1). An IVN incorporates other networking standards into the automotive networking environments, including USB, APIX 3, and MIPI SerDes. The automotive network backbone is expected to reach data rates of 10Gbps. Vehicle operating functions such as Bluetooth ® and Wi-Fi ® and constant connection to the internet mean that all vehicles will need unique identifiers. Like every other networked device, a vehicle's network will have its corresponding MAC and IP addresses. This will be crucial for advanced features like autonomous driving. Single-Pair Ethernet Becomes the Communication Standard Hard-wired Ethernet uses two twisted-pair wires for all communications: one for transmitting and the other for receiving. The initial CAN bus used in vehicles took advantage of a single twisted-pair the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus system to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) in 1986. Early un-arbitrated versions prioritized packets by content, not node addresses. Intel introduced the first CAN chip in 1987, the 82526, with Phillips following soon after with the 82C200. As an outcome, frame filtering and handling differences progressed, and version 2.0 standardization occurred in the early 1990s. The physical layer and data rate grew to 1Mbps. After iterations, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 11898 standard was born, addressing the physical layer, data rates, identifier rules, fault tolerance, and other issues. Versions for trailers, trucks, and agriculture use the same physical layer. By 2008, higher-bandwidth features and services were needed. The specific needs veered toward faster firmware updates, data from systems like GPS and collision avoidance, and audio/video bridging for complex multichannel streaming. Improvements focused on redundancy, critical safety, and time- sensitive actions. Figure 1: The automotive Ethernet stack provides the structured framework for multiple services, made possible by the higher bandwidth Ethernet provides. (Original Source: Kristen Matheus and Thomas Königseder, "Protocols for Automotive Ethernet," in Automotive Ethernet (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2017) 189–240. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316869543.007; Recreated by Mouser Electronics)