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help achieve functional safety on the manufacturing floor. A robot mustn't harm any human, and, to this end, these systems are designed with many functional safety parameters and features. For flexible manufacturing to be truly effective, humans must be able to interact with the factory floor operations while still giving machines the autonomy to do their jobs without too much oversight. Hence, for humans and machines to cohabitate on the factory floor, a fully implemented functional safety scheme and setup is necessary. Today, real-time data and perception information of individual placement are achieved through full 3D perception models of the production floor. Here, machines continuously collect data from their operations and the state of the factory floor. These data are made available to human operators in real-time, allowing for immediate intervention if safety issues arise. Similarly, machines can communicate with each other to coordinate actions, including safety- related adjustments. Another aspect is predictive safety measures, where advanced H2M and M2M systems can incorporate algorithms that can foresee potential safety issues. For example, if a machine is operating outside of its normal parameters, predictive algorithms can trigger an alert or even initiate a shutdown to prevent a safety incident. ADI facilitates H2M and M2M by • Providing customers with sensors to enable real-time perception and awareness • Supporting communication interfaces like GSML that enable real-time H2M and M2M collaboration • Offering MCUs that can perform on- edge artificial intelligence/machine learning computation, which helps enable perception and H2M/M2M collaboration C h a p t e r 4 | R o b o t i c C o l l a b o r a t i o n H2M & M2M are parts of the chain from operator to product in flexible manufacturing. Speed and latency are two major parameters in an M2M connection, while simplicity and flexibility are dominant factors in an H2M connection. Any advances in these parameters improve the operator-to-product chain." Fazel Taeed Senior Electronic Engineer, Universal Robots 17 10 Experts on Flexible Manufacturing