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C h a p t e r 4 | I d e n t i f y i n g Po t e n t i a l H a z a r d s – H a r s h E n v i r o n m e n t s i n U n u s u a l P l a c e s Harsh environments also exist away from the factory floor or transportation sector. A unique example is in the hospital operating theatre. From cleaning chemicals to steam sterilization, the high standards required for the treatment of patients can make equipment vulnerable to damage if not handled correctly. Beyond the Atmosphere An especially demanding example of a harsh environment is that of spaceflight. Vacuum conditions combined with exposure to extreme temperatures and long-term radiation make designing equipment for use in space a unique challenge. Without the protection of our atmosphere, any object in space receives the full force of solar radiation. Without the benefit of an insulating atmosphere, temperatures vary between dangerously high in sunlight to extreme cold in shadow. The lack of atmospheric pressure also causes materials to exhibit unusual behaviors. A process called outgassing releases gas that has become trapped inside another material during production, and plastics are especially at risk. The released gas can condense on cold surfaces, such as those of optical instruments and sensors, degrading their effectiveness while being out of reach of repair. In the Home A surprising example of a hazardous environment can be found within the home. The kitchen is an unforgiving location filled with extremes. Kitchens are fitted with ovens that generate temperatures capable of melting plastic or causing physical harm. Kettles and stoves boil water, creating a warm, high- humidity environment that can affect electrical circuits. The average family kitchen commonly contains a range of acids and alkalis in the form of different ingredients. Vinegar and lemon juice have pH levels of between 2 and 3, while baking soda Harsh Chandra Technical Delivery Manager, Vodafone Connectors on spacecraft like NASA's Mars rovers must endure extreme temperatures and radiation. These connectors are often made with radiation-resistant materials and lightweight, durable composites to ensure reliability over long missions. This highlights the importance of designing connectors that can withstand extreme conditions." 22 Understanding Harsh Environments for Electronic Design