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deteriorate. This deterioration exposes the fresh aluminum underneath allowing further corrosion to occur. Metals can be protected against corrosion with a protective layer such as powder or paint coatings or surface treatments like anodizing or electroplating. However, housings must be conductive to shield the electrical signals passing through the connector, thereby limiting the use of nonconductive surface treatments. Another hazard is associated with conductive metals: When two different conductive metals make contact in the presence of moisture, galvanic action occurs. This effect is particularly damaging to aluminum connectors that come into contact with steel. Connectors are designed to be used as a mated pair, so the use of incompatible metals is uncommon. However, care must be taken when these components are fixed to a panel or enclosure to ensure that materials are compatible. Operating temperature has a direct impact on component selection. Some common materials become brittle at low temperatures or can melt at high temperatures. Plastics and polymers are affected more than metal, but they play an important role in connector design. Insulators and dielectric components are usually made of plastic such as PTFE, and O-ring seals of rubber. Therefore, choosing the right material for your application is key. In addition to the conventional effects of temperature, many hazards associated with corrosion or chemical compatibility can be accelerated by extreme temperatures. C h a p t e r 2 | C h e m i c a l s a n d C o r r o s i o n Harsh environments are characterized by extreme temperatures, high humidity, corrosive chemicals, fine dust, elevated radiation levels, and electromagnetic interference. These conditions can result in thermal degradation, corrosion, short circuits, and diminished reliability, making them challenging and potentially hazardous for electronic components." Abdulrahman Alqadami Assistant Professor, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 12 Understanding Harsh Environments for Electronic Design