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its switching loss, which increases proportionally with switching frequency. Today, engineers adopt various strategies to improve power efficiency in motor control systems. One approach is optimizing modulation techniques such as five-state pulse width modulation (PWM), which reduces switching losses by keeping one motor phase constant while modulating the other two phases. By maintaining a fixed phase and varying the other two phases, five-state PWM minimizes the energy lost during each switching event. This method reduces switching loss, lowering heat generation and stress on power components. The reduced complexity of this technique also simplifies implementation, making it a practical choice for systems where efficiency and cost considerations intersect. Another area of focus is reducing standby power consumption. Low-power sleep modes, such as hibernation modes, enable motor controllers to minimize energy draw when they are not in active operation. These modes leverage advanced circuitry to shut down nonessential functions while maintaining critical monitoring capabilities such that the system can wake instantly when needed. For battery-powered devices, this capability translates to extended operational lifespans and improved energy efficiency. The choice of motor control method also significantly influences power efficiency. FOC excels in applications for which dynamic performance and smooth operation are essential. By precisely decoupling torque and flux components, FOC reduces energy loss during motor operation. However, its computational demands require efficient microcontrollers to maintain a high-speed control loop without excessive power draw. Trapezoidal control, while less efficient and smooth than FOC, remains a viable C h a p t e r 2 | P o w e r E f f i c i e n c y Incorporating efficient MOSFETs and predictive control mechanisms can further optimize battery usage, extend device runtime, and enhance performance in motor control applications." Jithin Krishnan Electrical Design Engineer, Northvolt 12 10 Experts Discuss the Fundamentals of Motor Control