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| 60 so instantaneously over a limited bandwidth or by using a frequency- sweeping method and converting that energy into a power reading plotted over the observed frequency range. A spectrum analyzer that measures a signal's amplitude and phase is called a vector signal analyzer (VSA), vector spectrum analyzer, or signal analyzer. This terminology distinguishes it from traditional spectrum analyzers, which measure only amplitude. With both amplitude and phase information of a captured signal, a signal analyzer can convert that information into the digital domain and process that signal for IQ data, which is useful in analyzing digital communication and sensing signals. Signal Generator A signal generator is designed to produce precise power and frequency RF signals. It is generally used to inject signal energy into the RF system under test. More sophisticated signal generators can include signal modulation and frequency sweeping and introduce other complex signal characteristics. The signals that a signal generator induces in a DUT are often captured by a spectrum analyzer, power meter, or multiple analyzers or meters if the DUT has multiple output ports. Wireless Communication Test Systems The rise of wireless communications has prompted the development of more complete wireless communications test equipment, compared to basic combinations of VNAs, signal analyzers, and signal generators with RF accessories. Several variations of these systems exist, but generally, they can generate and process wireless communication signals. These signals are used to interact with wireless communications hardware under test in such a way that allows for analysis of the behavior of the test system as part of a pre-certification, certification, software development, or prototyping process. An example of this new type of RF test equipment is Keysight's series of Wireless Network Emulators, which test protocol, RF, functionality, and performance of wireless communication chips and devices. These systems are equipped with protocols and solutions for testing 5G, NR, RedCap, NTN, LTE, C-V2X, NB-IoT, Cat-M, Wi-Fi, W-CDMA, GSM, and other wireless communication standards. 3 Conclusion RF test equipment encompasses various technologies and techniques for accurately and efficiently measuring the behavior of RF technologies. Beyond RF test equipment hardware, a wealth of measurement techniques, signal processing, software, and analysis tools enable users to interpret the results of the test information. As RF technology advances, RF test equipment and systems continue to exceed this pace to enable this advancement. Sources 1 https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/ cosmos/R/Rayleigh+Criterion 2 https://dataverse.jpl.nasa.gov/api/ access/datafile/12449?gbrecs=true 3 https://www.keysight.com/us/en/products/ wireless-network-emulators.html Articles, blogs, videos and more R F W I R E L E S S