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times. Sensitivity is defined as the percent change of resistance per degree of temperature. A more sensitive NTC thermistor will be better able to detect 0.5 0 C within a range of 25 0 C to 85 0 C leading to more accurate SOC measurements. Response time is a measure of how long NTC thermistors take to change resistance value when they experience a temperature change. A faster response time gives a BMS the ability to respond to SOC changes faster. For SOH measurements, the important specifications for NTC thermistors include long-term stability and low tolerance drift, both of which are measures of NTC thermistor reliability over time. These parameters can be improved through NTC thermistors with flex terminations, which reduce the risk of cracking or mechanical failure at the NTC thermistor's termination point. Finally, for voltage sensing, high-voltage (HV) resistors are crucial. HV resistors are components designed explicitly to withstand higher voltages encountered by battery outputs, which could exceed 800 volts in the case of an EV. For SOC measurements, the most important HV resistor specifications are a low voltage coefficient of resistance (VCR) and a low TCR with a high ohmic value. VCR is a measure of how resistance changes with respect to voltage applied over a specific voltage range. For SOH measurements, considerations like long-term stability and sulfur/ moisture resistance will limit the accuracy of a device. An ideal component for measuring HV is a resistor divider in one package, with the individual resistors manufactured on a common substrate to improve accuracy and TCR tracking. C h a p t e r 2 | V o l t a g e , C u r r e n t , a n d T e m p e r a t u r e M e a s u r e m e n t s Khaled Elmasri Senior Power Electronics Engineer, Canoo For temperature sensing of lithium- ion batteries, negative thermal coefficient thermistors can be an excellent choice for measuring the temperature in a certain location in the battery pack due to their small size and the ease of requiring only two electrical connection points." 11 8 Industry Experts Discuss Battery Management Solutions