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C h a p t e r 1 Understanding Satellite Communications Since the start of the space age, satellites have provided communications over long distances. Satellite communication (SATCOM) has evolved to form a key element of modern global connectivity. In addition to their role in long distance communication, satellites now provide a crucial link for data, voice, and video in locations that traditional ground-based infrastructure cannot reach. Relying on satellites that orbit the Earth, SATCOM systems are uniquely capable of linking previously hard-to-reach and remote locations, such as ships at sea and users in high latitudes or over the polar regions. Ground-based or terrestrial networks rely on physical infrastructure, with copper or optical fiber cables providing the backbone of the system. Due to the growth of mobile wireless systems and the introduction of 5G communications, cellular towers provide the local link between mobile users and the rest of the global network. However, geography and economic limitations create challenges for installers and operators. Creating comprehensive networks away from urban areas, in rugged terrain or in sparsely populated regions is often challenging. In contrast, the latest generation of SATCOM systems offers coverage for even the most remote locations with fewer demands on terrestrial infrastructure, albeit at the cost of increased latency and higher operating costs. These limitations have traditionally prevented SETTING THE SCENE Mohammad Reza Farahdel Sr. Radio Frequency Engineer, FARASAT TELECOM SATCOM is essential for connecting people, particularly in areas lacking radio signals or wired communication options." 6 Engineering the Future of Satellite Communications