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C h a p t e r 2 Satellite communications have become a practical solution because of a range of innovations. These developments range from cost effective satellite launch systems and high-frequency bandwidth expansion to the delivery of low-latency, high-throughput networks. The result is a network that provides new possibilities for integration with terrestrial infrastructure and delivers the Internet of Things (IoT) from space. Maximizing Launch Capabilities At the heart of this transformation are Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations. The first generation of communication satellites was deployed to Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO), at approximately 36,000 kilometers. This altitude provides an orbital period equivalent to the rotation of the Earth, ensuring that the satellite remains effectively stationary above a specific point on the surface. In contrast, LEO satellites orbit at altitudes between 500 and 2,000 kilometers. LEO satellites offer advantages to designers, operators, and users. The reduced distance between satellite and user reduces latency. The time lag caused by the distances involved with GEO satellites is perceptible, even during normal voice communication, but today's THE LATEST TRENDS IN SATCOM Deploying large constellations offers real advantages. With fleets of dozens or even hundreds of satellites built from affordable, readily available parts, a few early failures don't significantly impact overall service." Christopher Rogers Sr. Component Engineer, CesiumAstro 10 Engineering the Future of Satellite Communications